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刘少明  孙少安  郝洪涛  申重阳 《大地测量与地球动力学》2014,34(3):31-34

??2010?????????????????????????????????????6??2013??12??16???5.1????????????仯??????????????仯????????????仯?????????????????????з???,?????????1)?????????????????????????????????????飬????????仯????????????????????;2??2010????????????????仯??????????λ?仯??????????????????????仯????????????к?????????????????Ч????и?????????￡???????????仯??????????Щ?????;3????????????????????????????????????????????仯??????????????????????????????????仯?????????????????????????????仯???????????????????????????????????????????????????  相似文献   

1982~2011年北半球中纬度秋季植被绿度变化的主要模态     

张学珍 《地理科学》2014,(10)

利用系统聚类方法和经验正交函数分解（EOF分析）2种方法,分别提取了北半球中纬度地区1982~2011年秋季（9~11月）归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）变化的主要模态,辨识了植被绿度变化的区域差异;并采用奇异值分解（SVD）的方法,综合时间和空间2个维度上的变异信息,揭示了植被绿度变化的气候背景。结果表明,北半球中纬度秋季植被绿度变化有2种基本模态,一种是持续增加模态（模态I）,该模态广泛分布于北美大陆、亚欧大陆的北半部（大约在55oN以北）和东西两端,NDVI平均增速为0.014/10a;另一种是趋势转折模态（模态II）, NDVI先增加,后减少,转折点大致出现在1994年,该模态主要出现在亚欧大陆中部,NDVI变化的平均速率分别是0.027/10a和-0.017/10a,其中以40oE~80oE最为典型。植被绿度变化与温度变化的时空特征基本一致。模态I区域的温度变化以持续性升高为主要特征,模态II区域的温度变化则以先增加后降低为主要特征,转折年份与NDVI变化的转折年份基本一致。SVD分析的第一模态NDVI与温度的时间系数相关系数为0.82,第二模态为0.92。由此表明,植被绿度变化主导模态可能由温度变化模态所致,在区域-大洲尺度上,温度变化的区域差异导致了秋季植被绿度变化的区域差异。  相似文献   

中国年代际暴雨时空变化格局   总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12  

史培军  孔锋  方佳毅 《地理科学》2014,(11):1289-1298

采用1951~2010年中国659个气象站点的日值降水数据,以中国气象局颁布的降水强度等级划分标准为依据,分别计算1951~1960、1961~1970、1971~1980、1981~1990、1991~2000、2001~2010年的年代际暴雨雨量、雨日和雨强,并统计了其相应的站点数目变化。结果表明,在时间上,中国年代际暴雨雨量和雨日显著增加,暴雨雨强也呈现增加趋势;在空间上,中国年代际暴雨雨量和雨日呈现出从东南沿海地区向华中和西南及环渤海地区逐渐扩张的梯度增加趋势,年代际暴雨雨强远不如暴雨雨量和暴雨雨日梯变明显。中国暴雨1951~2010年年代际时空变化格局很可能是在全球变暖大背景下中国地势与城市化共同作用的结果。  相似文献   

基准站非线性变化的成因及消除或减弱的方法与途径     

赖山东  叶繁 《测绘与空间地理信息》2014,(10):128-129

近20年累积的全球IGS基准站位置时间序列呈现显著的非线性变化,尤其是高程方向的季节性变化。随着各研究领域对大地测量成果所要求的精度越来越高,大地点位的非线性时变越来越受到关注。本文详细阐述了造成基准站非线性变化的成因,包括与GPS相关的技术类系统误差、地球物理效应、接收机及天线变化、地震引起的突变、噪声影响等,研究了消除或减弱各种非线性变化的方法及途径。  相似文献   

1982—2001年与2002—2021年北极秋季海冰的时空变化及原因          下载免费PDF全文

李淑瑶  崔红艳 《海岸工程》2022,41(2):162-172

基于北极海冰密集度、海冰范围、大气环流和海温数据,研究了1982—2001年与2002—2021年两阶段各20 a间北极秋季海冰的时空变化特征及其原因。结果表明,近20 a（2002—2021年）北极海冰密集度的下降中心由过去（1982—2001年）的楚科奇海及白令海峡一带,转移至亚欧大陆海岸的巴伦支海附近,且海冰范围每10 a减少量由0.44×10⁶ km²增长至0.72×10⁶ km²,减少速度加快约64%。秋季北极海冰范围与海水表面温度（Sea Surface Temperature,SST）、表面气温（Surface Air Temperature,SAT）及比湿（Specific Humidity）均呈显著负相关。2002—2021年的相关系数较1982—2001年有所提高,且与温度相关系数最高的月份提前了一个月。通过对海水表面温度、表面气温、比湿、气压场和风场的经验正交分解（Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF）可知,1982—2001年间,北极地区的温度及比湿的上升中心集中在楚科奇海及白令海峡一带;2002—2021年间,上升中心则转移至巴伦支海一带。气压场和风场在前后两阶段也出现了中心转移的分布变化。北极地区大气与海洋环流各因素的协同变化影响着北极海冰的消融。  相似文献   

基于多时相Landsat TM/ETM的阿尼玛卿山冰川变化监测     

金姗姗  付姣 《北京测绘》2013,(1):20-23,10

采用遥感及地理信息系统技术,利用多时相Landsat TM/ETM影像和数字高程模型(SRTMDEM),结合中国冰川目录,获得阿尼玛卿山地区不同年份的冰川范围,进行冰川变化监测。综合分析该冰川的变化情况,计算冰川进退变化速率,并对其中4个变化较大的冰川进行详细的分析统计。结果表明:从1991年至2009年,阿尼玛卿山地区既有退缩冰川也有前进冰川,其中冰川退缩面积为15.30km2,前进面积为4.46km2。总体面积持续退缩,其中退缩最大的冰川长度缩短了900m,其它冰川也存在不同程度的变化。  相似文献   

GEOGRAPHY IN THREE WORLDS: HOW POPPER'S SYSTEM CAN HELP ELUCIDATE DICHOTOMIES AND CHANGES IN THE DISCIPLINE∗     

《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):403-409

Popper's concept of Worlds 1. 2, and 3 is discussed briefly in the light of idealism and materialism and to illustrate the debate about reification and reductionism. Then six types of change in geography are classified as changes in the phenomenal environment (World 1) and in that part of the behavioral environment that constitutes World 3. These changes involve those comparisons within or between “Worlds” that identify future research problems.  相似文献   

BUILDING DENSITY AND INTERIOR BUILDING TEMPERATURES: A PHYSICAL MODELING EXPERIMENT     

Gerald Mills 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):195-214

The effect of building density on the interior temperatures of buildings is explored using scaled physical models. The urban canopy layer is modeled as a single-cube structure surrounded by a wall that represents neighboring structures. Each physical model was constructed of plywood and consisted of a cube 200 mm in height, enclosed by a wall 200 mm in height. Four models were constructed corresponding to height/width ratios (H/W) of 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 and placed at an exposed site located at 34°N. The interior air temperature of each cube, direct and diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface, and ambient air temperature and wind velocity were measured over a period from late November 1996 to early June 1997. To extract the influence of building density, air temperatures were compared against those measured in the model representing a H/W of 1. The results show that nighttime cooling is primarily a function of building density, but that daytime heating depends on the interaction of density with changing model-sun relationships. [Key words: urban canopy layer, building air temperature, building density, physical model.]  相似文献   

生态退耕政策实施前后甘肃正宁县土地利用生态风险时空变化分析     

申建秀  王秀红 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2013,(1):36-42

本文选取甘肃省正宁县1995,2000和2010年土地利用数据和相关耕地统计数据为分析依据,以ENVI,ArcGIS和Fragstats主要工作平台,对研究区的土地利用生态风险时空变化进行了分析。为了避免了评价指标选取的主观性,在景观水平上针对土地利用斑块数量、形状和蔓延度等特点选取了相应的景观指数,结合生态系统服务价值,构建了区域土地利用的生态风险评价指数。为了研究生态风险的空间变化和验证生态退耕政策实施的效果,本文引入了生态风险质心迁移模型和土地利用的空间分布模型,定量描述了甘肃正宁县实施生态退耕工程前后生态风险的相对大小和时空变化规律。结果表明：（1）生态退耕工程的实施使得正宁县东、中、西部的生态风险均减小,减小幅度在空间分布上表现为：东部〉西部〉中部。东部为生态风险防范管理的最重要地区;（2）正宁县生态退耕前后生态风险质心向西南方向迁移了4288m,东部和西部景观破碎度的大幅度变化对县域生态风险质心的迁移起到了主要的作用。研究结果提示：为了进一步加强正宁县生态安全管理,东部地区应以林地和草地生态保护为主,中部地区应保证耕地的质量并强化对新增建设用地的规划和控制,而西部地区则需构建水土保持型农业生态系统。  相似文献   

Chinese Cropland Quality and Its Temporal and Spatial Changes due to Urbanization in 2000-2015     

WANG Chunyu  SUN Xiaofang  WANG Meng  WANG Junbang  DING Qingfu 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2019,10(2):174-183

The acceleration of urbanization has led to the occupation of more cropland, especially higher quality cropland, which could pose a huge threat to food security and have other implications for the inadequate cropland resource supply in China. Though the spatial status of Chinese cropland quality has been assessed, its temporal changes since 2000 to 2015 are still not clear. An accumulated probability distribution method was used to determine the criteria of cropland quality using the net primary production data product (MOD17) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Then the cropland quality of higher, median and lower production was spatially mapped and its changes due to occupation by urbanization were analyzed through the land use changes (LUCC) data primarily from Landsat TM images in the three periods of 2000-2005, 2005-2010, and 2010-2015. The results showed that of the total cropland reduction area the proportion taken by urbanization increased from 47.29% in the early stage to 77.46% in the recent period. The quality of Chinese cropland was dominated by low- and medium-yield fields, accounting for 40.81% and 48.74%, respectively, with high-yield fields accounting for only 10.44% of the total cropland in the country in 2000. The high-yield areas have been seriously threatened by the expansion of construction land fields, with the ratio of high-yield area to total area occupied by urbanization increasing from 9.71% in 2000-2005 to 15.63% in 2010-2015. Spatially, this phenomenon has been moving from eastern and southern China to central and western China, especially in Northwest China where the ratio has arrived at the highest proportion, with 52.97% of high-yield cropland in the total land taken by the expansion by 2015. This study not only provides a method to assess cropland quality but also reveals the threatening trend from the expansion of urbanization on high-quality cropland. More attention should be paid to the latter in land use planning and policies made to prevent threats to food security from declines in both cropland quantity and quality.  相似文献